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$$\begin{gathered} N=\frac{l}{p}=\frac{l}{\pi D}=\frac{L}{d} \\ n=\frac{N}{L}=\frac{1}{d} \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{gathered} \overrightarrow{B}=\overrightarrow{B_1}+\overrightarrow{B_2}=\overrightarrow{0} \\ \Rightarrow \left\{\begin{array}{l}{B}_1=B_2\\ \overrightarrow{B_1} \nearrow \swarrow \overrightarrow{B_2}\end{array}\right. \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{gathered} i=i_1=i_2 \\ {r}_1=r_2=\frac{A}{2} \\ {D}_{min}=2i-A \\ \sin \left(\frac{D_{min}+A}{2}\right)=n\sin \left(\frac{A}{2}\right) \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{gathered} d^2-Ld+Lf=0 \\ {L}_{min}=4f , k_{min}=1 khi d=\frac{L}{2} \end{gathered}$$

$f=\frac{L^2-l^2}{4L}$

$D=180°-2i$

$\frac{S\text{'}H}{SH}=\frac{\tan i}{\tan r} \left(S\text{'}H>SH\right)$

$\frac{S\text{'}H}{SH}=\frac{\tan i}{\tan r} \left(S\text{'}H<SH\right)$

$d\text{'}=\frac{\sqrt{1-{\left(n_{12}\sin i\right)}^2}}{\sqrt{1-{\sin }^{2}i}}.d$

$$\begin{gathered} L_1=\left(l-h\right)\tan i \\ {L}_2=\left(l-h\right)\tan i+h.\tan r \end{gathered}$$